ERBE Earth Radiant Fluxes and Albedo for Month (Scanner)/Earth Radiant Fluxes and Albedo for Month (Nonscanner) Data Set Document

This document describes the Earth flux and albedo data products for scanner (S-9) and nonscanner (S-10) and provides the user with the necessary information to use the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data for scientific research studies.

The S-9 contains inverted daily, monthly hourly, and monthly averages of shortwave (SWF) and longwave (LWF) radiant fluxes at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) for ERBE scanner data for one month. The S-10 contains the same information for the ERBE nonscanner data. One S-9 and four S-10 data sets are produced for each satellite that is operational during the month. If more than one satellite is operational during the month, a S-9 and a set of S-10's containing the combined multiple satellite data will be produced.

The four nonscanner (S-10) data sets produced are numerical filter (NF) medium field-of-view (MFOV), NF wide field-of-view (WFOV), shape factor (SF) MFOV, and SF WFOV.

There are two types of data records found on S-9 and S-10 for each region processed. The first record is a fixed length record containing averaged data. The second is a variable length record containing individual hour box estimates.

Table of Contents:

1. Data Set Overview:

Data Set Identification:

Data Set Introduction:

The S-9 contains regional and daily monthly averages as well as the actual individual hour box data which are the input to the Monthly Time/Space Averaging Subsystem for the scanner. The S-10 contains the same data for the nonscanner.

Objective/Purpose:

Summary of Parameters:

The S-9 and S-10 contain regional and daily monthly averages as well as the actual individual hour box data which are the input to the Monthly Time/Space Averaging Subsystem.

The S-9 contains 2.5-degree resolution data from the scanner instrument and is available as a combination of all operational spacecraft (ERBS, NOAA-9, and NOAA-10). Single satellite data will soon be available. There may be three to eight S-9 files per month. The S-9 consists of two records for each region processed. The first record is of fixed length and contains the averaged data. The second record is of variable length and contains the hour box data. The data values are represented in scaled 16-bit integers. The scanner data for each region observed during a month are collected into a 32 X 25 matrix representing days and hours of the month; monthly (day), monthly (hour), daily, and monthly hourly averages are determined for each region. The values contained for each region are:

The S-10 contains numerical filter data of 5-degree resolution and shape factor of 10-degree resolution from the nonscanner instrument. It is available as a combinations of all operational spacecraft (ERBS, NOAA-9, and NOAA-10) for wide field-of-view (WFOV). For medium field-of-view (MFOV), the S-10 product is available as a combination of the ERBS and NOAA-9 spacecraft. Single satellite data will soon be available. Four S-10 files per month may be produced; one for MFOV numerical filter, MFOV shape factor, WFOV numerical filter, and WFOV shape factor. The S-10 contains two records for each region processed. The first record is of fixed length and contains the monthly averages; the second record is of variable length and contains the hour box data. The data values are represented in scaled 16-bit integers. The nonscanner data for each region observed during a month are collected into a 32 X 25 matrix representing days and hours of the month; monthly (day), monthly (hour), daily, and monthly hourly averages are determined for each region. The values contained for each region are as follows:

Discussion:

The goal of ERBE is to produce monthly averages of longwave and shortwave radiation parameters on the Earth at regional to global scales. Preflight mission analysis lead to a three-spacecraft system to provide the geographic and temporal sampling required to meet this goal. Three nearly identical sets of instruments were built and launched on three separate spacecraft. These instruments differ principally in the spacecraft interface electronics and in the field-of-view limiters for the nonscanner instruments required because of differences in the spacecraft orbit altitudes.

The ERBS spacecraft was launched by Space Shuttle Challenger in October 1984 and was the first spacecraft to carry ERBE instruments into orbit. The ERBS was designed and built by Ball Aerospace Systems under contract to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), and ERBS was the first spacecraft dedicated to NASA science experiments to be launched by the Space Shuttle. The ERBS carries the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) in addition to the ERBE instruments. The Payload Operation and Control Center (POCC) at GSFC directs operations of the ERBS spacecraft and the ERBE and SAGE II instruments, employing both ground stations and the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) network. Spacecraft and instrument telemetry data are received at GSFC where the data are processed by the Information Processing Division that provides ERBE and SAGE II experiment data to the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC).

The second and third spacecraft launched with ERBE instruments are Television Infrared Radiometer Orbiting Satellite (TIROS) N-class spacecraft, which are part of the NOAA operational meteorological satellite series. The NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 spacecraft were launched in December 1984 and September 1986, respectively. The NOAA spacecraft include other instruments, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder (HIRS), which provide NOAA with data for near-real-time weather forecasting. Both spacecraft are in nearly sun-synchronous orbits. The equator-crossing times (at launch) of the orbital nodes for the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 orbits were 1420 UT (ascending) and 1930 UT (descending), respectively, where UT denotes universal time. The Satellite Operations and Control Center (SOCC) at the National Environmental Satellite and Data Information Service (NESDIS) operates the NOAA spacecraft. NOAA also provides decommutation processing of the telemetry data and generates ERBE data for LaRC.

NASA tracks the ERBS spacecraft, and the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) tracks the NOAA spacecraft. The tracking data are provided to GSFC where orbit ephemeris data are calculated for all three spacecraft and provided to LaRC.

Related Data Sets:

2. Investigator(s):

Investigator(s) Name and Title:

Title of Investigation:

Contact Information:

3. Theory of Measurements:

The theory behind the measurements made to collect the ERBE data is non-trivial and well beyond the scope of this document. However, interested readers are referred to the following publications: Suttles (Reference 26), Hoffman (Reference 14) and Smith (Reference 23).

4. Equipment:

Sensor/Instrument Description:

Collection Environment:

All three sets of ERBE instruments were designed to collect data for one year but had a goal of two years. The nonscanner instruments continue to collect data for ERBS; however, the nonscanner instruments on-board NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 have been deactivated. Table 1 describes the nominal orbit parameters for each satellite at launch.

**Table 1. Nominal Orbit Parameters for Each Satellite at Launch**
Nominal Orbit Parameter	ERBS	NOAA-9	NOAA-10
Launch Date	October 5, 1984	December 12, 1984	September 17, 1986
Planned Duration	1 Year	1 Year	1 Year
Actual Duration Scanner	5-1/2 years (February 28, 1990)	3 years (January 20, 1987)	2-1/2 years (May 22, 1989)
Actual Duration Nonscanner	Operating	Over 12 years, deactivated April 3, 1997	Over 8 years, deactivated December, 1994
Orbit	Precessing	Sun-synchronous	Sun-synchronous
Semi-major Axis	6988 km	7248 km	7211 km
Mean Altitude	610 km	872 km	833 km
Inclination	57 deg	98 deg	98 deg
Nodal Period	98 minutes	102.08 minutes	101.2 minutes
Equator Crossing Time (at launch)	Variable	1430 Local Mean Solar Time, ascending	0730 Local Mean Solar Time, descending

Source/Platform:

Source/Platform Mission Objectives:

ERBS was the first spacecraft dedicated to NASA science experiments to be launched by the Space Shuttle. ERBS carries SAGE II instruments in addition to the ERBE instruments. The NOAA spacecraft include other instruments, such as the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder (HIRS), which provide NOAA with data for near-real-time weather forecasting.

Key Variables:

**Table 2. ERBS, NOAA-9, and NOAA-10 ERBE Detector Characteristics**
	CHANNEL	WAVELENGTH LIMITS (microns)	MEASUREMENT
Nonscanner Fixed Wide field of view	1	0.2-50.0	Total Radiance
2	0.2 - 5.0	Shortwave Reflected
Nonscanner Fixed Medium field-of-view	3	0.2 - 50.0	Total Radiance
4	0.2 - 5.0	Shortwave Reflected
Fixed Solar Monitor	5	0.2 - 50.0	Total Irradiance
Scanner Narrow field-of-view	1	0.2 - 50.0	Total Radiance
2	0.2 - 45.0	Shortwave Reflected
3	5.0 - 50.0	Longwave Emitted

Principles of Operation:

ERBE is a multisatellite system designed to measure the Earth's radiation budget. The ERBE instruments fly on a mid-inclination NASA satellite, (ERBS), and two sun-synchronous NOAA satellites, (NOAA-9 and NOAA-10). Each satellite carries both a scanner and a nonscanner instrument package with characteristics listed in Table 2.

The scanner package contains three radiometric detectors each of which consists of an f/1.84 Cassegrain telescope. All are located within a single, rotating scan-head which, when operating in the cross track azimuth position, scans the Earth perpendicular to the satellite ground track from horizon to horizon. The scan-head can also be rotated in azimuth at a slow rate (0.9 degrees/second NOAA, 0.675 degrees/second ERBS). Each detector samples 74 measurements per scan. The total detector has no filter and so absorbs all wavelengths. The shortwave detector has a Suprasil-W1 filter which transmits only shortwave radiation. The longwave detector has a multilayer filter on a diamond substrate to reject shortwave and accept longwave radiation. To enhance the spectral flatness of the detectors, each thermistor chip is coated with a thin layer of black paint.

The nonscanner instrument package contains four Earth-viewing channels and a solar monitor. The Earth-viewing channels have two spatial resolutions: a horizon-to-horizon view of the Earth, and a field-of-view limited to about 1000 km in diameter. The former are called the wide field-of-view (WFOV) and the latter the medium field-of-view (MFOV) channels. For each of the two fields of view, there is a total spectral channel which is sensitive to all wavelengths and a shortwave channel which uses a high purity, fused silica filter dome to transmit only the shortwave radiation from 0.2 to 5 microns. The solar monitor is a direct descendant of the Solar Maximum Mission's Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor detector. Because of the concern for spectral flatness and high accuracy, all five of the channels on the nonscanner package are active cavity radiometers.

Sensor/Instrument Measurement Geometry:

The nonscanner elevation beams can be rotated to any of three positions: launch/stow/internal calibration position (180 degrees), solar calibration position (78 degrees), and Earth-viewing (nadir) position (0 degrees). The WFOV detectors view the Earth from limb-to-limb (plus a small ring of space). The MFOV detectors are designed to include approximately an Earth view of 10 geocentric degrees within the unencumbered field of view (FOV).

The scanner can rotate in azimuth between 0 degrees and 180 degrees with an accuracy of 0.075 degrees. The normal scan mode is cross-track. The effective FOV of the scanner is 3 degrees.

Manufacturer of Sensor/Instrument:

Calibration:

Specifications:

Tolerance:

The tolerance is 1 percent for the total channel and 2 percent for the shortwave channel.

Frequency of Calibration:

For the scanner instruments, in-flight calibrations were accomplished every scan, as well as on a bi-weekly basis. In-flight calibrations of the nonscanners were normally performed on a bi-weekly basis.

Other Calibration Information:

The ERBE instruments were developed by TRW, Inc. Laboratory calibrations of the ERBE nonscanner and solar monitor instruments were completed in the TRW calibration facility at Redondo Beach, California in 1984. The fundamental standards used for the ERBE instruments were the International Pressure and Temperature Standard of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the World Radiation Reference (WRR). The TRW master reference blackbody (MRBB) was calibrated using these, and the MRBB was subsequently used to transfer the calibrations to the internal blackbody (IBB) and to the shortwave channels via an integrating sphere. The results of the calibrations were reported in detail in TRW calibration documents.

In-flight calibrations are performed in order to maintain the accuracy of radiometric measurements by accounting for internal instrument component parametric changes brought about by the spacecraft's environmental variables. In-flight calibrations of the nonscanners were normally performed on a bi-weekly basis. These included internal calibrations, space looks, and solar calibrations. Internal calibrations consist of cycling of IBB temperatures (total sensors) and shortwave internal calibration source (SWICS) voltages. Space looks consist of observations of "cold" space, both before and after solar calibrations. Solar calibrations consist of measurements made while the solar disc is within the instrument's FOV.

On days when internal calibrations are performed, shortwave offsets are independently determined in four ways:

In cases where the first option is not viable, the second option is used, along with a linearly-fitted delta based upon the historical differences between method 1 and method 2. The offsets determined using options 3 and 4 have never been used in production processing.

5. Data Acquisition Methods:

The ERBE nonscanner instrument consists of four Earth-viewing detectors and one solar monitor detector located on the head assembly. The four Earth-viewing detectors are unchopped active cavity radiometers (ACR), whereas the solar monitor is an unfiltered chopped ACR designed to measure direct solar radiation for calibrating the Earth-viewing detectors. Two of these detectors have wide field-of-view (WFOV) apertures allowing the detectors to view the entire disk of the Earth; the other two detectors have medium field-of-view (MFOV) apertures allowing the detectors to view an area about 1000 km in diameter. Two of the Earth-viewing detectors, one WFOV and one MFOV, and the solar monitor detector measure total radiation, whereas the other two Earth-viewing detectors measure shortwave radiation. The total radiation detectors are unfiltered, and the shortwave spectral bands are achieved by use of fused silica dome filters placed over the detectors.

The nonscanner instrument microprocessor processes and executes ground-commanded and stored commands to direct and control the instrument operations. The instrument can operate in several modes so that radiation measurements can be made over a wide range of operational conditions. The instrument can operate at azimuth angles between 0 and 180 degrees, and at fixed elevation beam positions of 0(nadir), 78 (solar ports), and 180 (stow or internal calibration position) degrees. Normal Earth-viewing operation is at the nadir elevation position and at an azimuth position of 180 degrees for NOAA-10, 170 degrees for NOAA-9, and 0 degrees for ERBS. The ERBE nonscanner instrument output consists of a complete cycle of radiometric and housekeeping measurements every 16 seconds. There are 20 radiometric measurements every 16 seconds, while the frequency of housekeeping measurements is either 1, 2, or 4 measurements per 16 seconds, depending on the type of measurement.

Telemetry data from the ERBE instruments on the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 spacecraft are transmitted to Control and Data Acquisition (CDA) ground stations at Gilmore Creek, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Virginia that relay the data through a geostationary communications satellite to the SOCC at NESDIS in Suitland, Maryland, NOAA provides decommutation processing of the telemetry data and provides the data to LaRC. During portions of the ERBE mission, telemetry data from the NOAA spacecraft were transmitted to GSFC for decommutation processing and delivery to LaRC. Telemetry and tracking data from the ERBE instrument on ERBS are transmitted to the NASA ground terminal at White Sands, New Mexico through the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). The data are transmitted from the ground terminal to the NASA communications center at GSFC, where the data are processed by the Information Processing Division (IPD) that provides ERBE data to LaRC.

Spatial Characteristics:

Spatial Coverage:

The spatial coverage differs with the channel and the spacecraft, as described below.

WFOV Instruments: these two fixed detectors continuously view the earth disc (plus a small ring of space). The measurements are continuous over the entire globe for NOAA-9 and NOAA-10, and between 57 degrees north and south latitudes for ERBS which processes approximately 3.95 degrees west per day.

MFOV Instruments: these two fixed detectors continuously view an area about 1000 km in diameter (nominally, a 5 degree earth central angle at the top of the Earth atmosphere, TOA). The measurements are continuous over the entire globe for NOAA-9 and NOAA-10, and between 57 degrees north and south latitude for ERBS.

Scanner Instruments: these three scanning instruments continuously view small areas over the entire Earth. The cross-track scan FOV is approximately 40 km at nadir, and there is a 35FOV overlap at nadir for ERBS between scans.

ERBE scanner instruments on board the NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 satellites provide global coverage, while the ERBE scanner instrument onboard ERBS provides coverage between 67.5 degrees north and south latitude.

Spatial Coverage Map:

Though a map is not available, the limits of coverage are discussed in the Spatial Coverage Section.

Spatial Resolution:

The spatial resolution differs with the four types of instruments and the two types of spacecraft (ERBS and NOAA). The WFOV instruments have 136 degree FOV on ERBS and 126 degree FOV on the NOAA satellites. The MFOV instruments have footprints of approximately 5 geocentric degree radius or 1000 km at the TOA. The scanner instruments have an instantaneous hexagonal FOV with an angular size of 3 X 4.5 degree, which is equivalent to a 31 X 47 km footprint at nadir for ERBS and 44 X 65 km for NOAA. The solar instrument has an unencumbered FOV which observes the entire solar disk.

The S-9 product contains data which have been averaged to a 2.5 grid scale. The S-10 contains data which have been averaged to 5.0 or 10.0 grid scale.

Projection:

Gridding is an equal-angle projection of 2.5 X 2.5 degree (NFOV, 10368 bins), 5.0 X 5.0 degree (MFOV, 2592 bins), and 10.0 X 10.0 degree (WFOV, 648 bins).

Grid Description:

Binning of the data is based on an equal-angle grid of 2.5 X 2.5 degree (NFOV, 10368 bins), 5.0 X 5.0 degree (MFOV, 2592 bins), and 10.0 X 10.0 degree (WFOV, 648 bins). In each resolution, the bin number 1 is found at 90 degree N, 0 degree W with the bin number increasing in an easterly direction.

The layout of a 2.5 system is given; the 5.0 and 10.0 systems are designed similarly. In this grid system, L = longitude and lambda

= latitude is replaced with colatitude, where lambda sub CO

= 90 -

, so that 0 deg <= lambda sub co <= 180 deg

Resolution	Total No. Regions
2.5	10,368
5.0	2,592
10.0	648

Temporal Characteristics:

Temporal Coverage:

Instruments on the three satellites (ERBS, NOAA-9, and NOAA-10) began acquiring Earth viewing data in November 1984, February 1985, and October 1986, respectively. All of the scanner instruments outlived their life expectancy of one year. The NOAA-9 scanner ceased operations on January 20, 1987 and the NOAA-10 scanner on May 22, 1989. The ERBS scanner ceased operations on February 28, 1990. All of the Earth-viewing nonscanner instruments collect measurements continuously except during calibrations. The solar instrument collects about 20 minutes of usable data during bi-weekly solar calibration periods.

Temporal Coverage Map:

Table 3 shows the archival status of the S-9 and S-10 product. Note that MFOV data were not processed for the NOAA-10 satellite. Single satellite data will soon be archived. For updated information on currently archived data please refer to the Langley ASDC Information Management System (IMS).

**Table 3: Archival Status of S-9/S-10 Products from 1984 to 1990**
November 1984 - January 1985	ERBS
February 1985 - October 1986	ERBS/NOAA-9
November 1986 - January 1987	ERBS/NOAA-9/NOAA-10 *
February 1987 - May 1989	ERBS/NOAA-10*
June 1989 - February 1990	ERBS
* MFOV data from NOAA-10 are not archived.

Temporal Resolution:

Data records for the Level 2 products are instantaneous measurements and estimates. Gridded data (the S-9 and S-10 products) are daily, monthly hour (hourly averages for a month), monthly day (daily averages for a month), and hourly. Individual hour box estimates are also in S-9 and S-10.

Data Characteristics:

Parameter/Variable: (S-9 | S-10)

There are two data records for each region processed. The data records are written as 16-bit words. Some values are too large to be placed in one 16-bit word and, therefore, occupy two 16-bit words. The method of restoring the values in these words is discussed in the Variable Description/Definition Section of this document.

The first record for a region is of fixed length and contains the averaged data. There are 1860 words in this record for the S-9 and 990 words for the S-10. The second record is of variable length and contains the "actual" hour box data passed from the Inversion Subsystem (Reference 8) through the Daily Data Base Subsystem (Reference 6). The length of this record in words can be calculated by multiplying the number of hour boxes (1846th word of record 1 for the scanner and the 978th word of record 1 for the nonscanner) by the number of values passed per hour box. The number of values is 32 for the scanner and 38 for the nonscanner.

Detailed record structures of the S-9 and S-10 output products are shown in Table 4 and Table 5 and pictorial summaries of these products are shown in Table 6 and Table 7. The scale factors given in Tables 4 and 5 are typical values. The actual values used to scale the data are recorded in the first record as discussed in the Data Format Section of this document. These are the values that should be used to scale the integer data and not the values in Tables 4 and 5.

The S-9 will typically occupy more than one file. A logical division based on latitude band processing allows for any file to have data for all the regions appearing in any latitude band. The number of latitude bands put on any one file is dependent upon the number of hours seen within the regions present. A summary, a sample of which is shown in Figure 2, tells which regions are grouped on any file.

**Table 4: Detailed Record Structure for Scanner Output Tape (S-9)**
Temporal Scale	Record Index	Parameter Name	Units	Scale Factor		No. of Data Values in Record	Cumulative Total Bits
Temporal Scale	Record Index	Parameter Name	Units	Name	Value	No. of Data Values in Record	Cumulative Total Bits
Monthly (day)	1	Region number	---	SCALE1(1)	1	-	16
	2	Geographic scene type	---	SCALE1(2)	100	1	32
	3-6	Scene fraction histogram(4)	---	SCALE1(3)	100	4	96
	7		Wm^-2	SCALE1(4)	10	1	112
	8	M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(5)	10	1	128
	9	M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(6)	10	1	144
	10		Wm^-2	SCALE1(7)	100	1	160
	11	N_SW	---	SCALE1(8)	1	1	176
	12		Wm^-2	SCALE1(9)	10	1	192
	13	M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(10)	10	1	208
	14	M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(11)	10	1	224
	15		Wm^-2	SCALE1(12)	100	1	240
	16	N_LW	---	SCALE1(13)	1	1	256
	17		---	SCALE1(14)	10000	1	272
	18		Wm^-2	SCALE1(15)	100	1	288
	19	TSOLRD(1)	Wm^-2	SCALE1(16)	1	1	304
	20	TSOLRD(2)	Wm^-2	SCALE1(17)	10	1	320
	21	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(4)	10	1	336
	22	M_{MIN_CS}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(5)	10	1	352
	23	M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(6)	10	1	368
	24	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(7)	100	1	384
	25	N_{SW_CS}	---	SCALE1(8)	1	1	400
	26	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(9)	10	1	416
	27	M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(10)	10	1	432
	28	M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(11)	10	1	448
	29	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(12)	100	1	464
	30	N_{LW_CS}	---	SCALE1(13)	1	1	480
	31	_CS	---	SCALE1(14)	10000	1	496
Monthly (hour)	32	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(15)	100	1	512
	33	TSOLRD_CS(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(16)	1	1	528
	34	TSOLRD_CS(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(17)	10	1	544
	35		Wm^-2	SCALE1(18)	10	1	560
	36	M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(19)	10	1	576
	37	M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(20)	10	1	592
	38		Wm^-2	SCALE1(21)	100	1	608
	39	N_SW	---	SCALE1(22)	1	1	624
	40		Wm^-2	SCALE1(23)	10	1	640
	41	M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(24)	10	1	656
	42	M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(25)	10	1	672
	43		Wm^-2	SCALE1(26)	100	1	688
	44	N_LW	---	SCALE1(27)	1	1	704
	45		---	SCALE1(28)	10000	1	720
	46		Wm^-2	SCALE1(29)	100	1	736
	47	TSOLRH(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(30)	1	1	752
	48	TSOLRH(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(31)	10	1	768
	49	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(18)	10	1	784
	50	M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(19)	10	1	800
	51	M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(20)	10	1	816
	52	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(21)	100	1	832
	53	N_{SW_CS}	---	SCALE1(22)	1	1	848
	54	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(23)	10	1	864
	55	M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(24)	10	1	880
	56	M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(25)	10	1	896
	57	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(26)	100	1	912
	58	N_{LW_CS}	---	SCALE1(27)	1	1	928
	59	_CS	---	SCALE1(28)	10000	1	944
	60	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(29)	100	1	960
	61	TSOLRD_CS(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(30)	1	1	976
	62	TSOLRD_CS(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(31)	10	1	992
Daily	63 thru 837	DEO	Wm^-2	SCALE1(32)	10	25x31
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(33)	10
		M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(34)	10-
		M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(35)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(36)	100
		N_SW	---	SCALE1(37)	1
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(38)	10
		M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(39)	10
		M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(40)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(41)	100
		N_LW	---	SCALE1(42)	1
			---	SCALE1(43)	10000
		SOLARD(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(44)	1
		SOLARD(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(45)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(33)	10
		M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(34)	10
		M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(35)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(36)	100
		N_{SW_CS}	---	SCALE1(37)	1
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(38)	10
		M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(39)	10
		M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(40)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(41)	100
		N_{LW_CS}	---	SCALE1(42)	1
		_CS	---	SCALE1(43)	10000		13392
Monthly Hourly	838 thru 1845		Wm^-2	SCALE1(46)	10	42x24
		M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(47)	10
		M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(48)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(49)	100
		N_SW	---	SCALE1(50)	1
		SUM_SW(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(51)	1
		SUM_SW(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(52)	10
		SUM2_SW(1)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(53)	1
		SUM2_SW(2)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(54)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(55)	10
		M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(56)	10
		M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(57)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(58)	100
		N_LW	---	SCALE1(59)	1
		SUM_LW(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(60)	1
		SUM_LW(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(61)	10
		SUM2_LW(1)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(62)	1
		SUM2_LW(2)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(63)	10
			---	SCALE1(64)	10000
		SOLARH(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(65)	1
		SOLARH(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(66)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(46)	10
		M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(47)	10
		M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(48)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(49)	100
		N_SW_CS	---	SCALE1(50)	1
		SUM_{SW(1)_CS}	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(51)	1
		SUM_{SW_CS}(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(52)	10
		SUM2_{SW(1)_CS}	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(53)	1
		SUM2_{SW(2)_CS}	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(54)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(55)	10
		M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(56)	10
		M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(57)	10
		_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE1(58)	100
		N_{LW_CS}	---	SCALE1(59)	1
		SUM_{LW(1)_CS}	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(60)	1
		SUM_{LW_CS}(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(61)	10
		SUM2_{LW(1)_CS}	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(62)	1
		SUM2_{LW(2)_CS}	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(63)	10
		_CS	---	SCALE1(64)	10000
		SOLARH(1)_CS	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(65)	1
		SOLARH(2)_CS	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(66)	10		29520
Monthly	1846	N_HR-DAY	---	SCALE1(67)	1	1	-
Monthly	1847 - 1860	Spares	-	-	-	14	29760
Hourly/ Day*	1	Hour box	---	SCALE2(1)	1	1	16
	2	Whole Julian date(1)	day	SCALE2(2)	1	1	32
	3	Whole Julian date(2)	day	SCALE2(3)	1	1	48
	4	Fractional Julian date	day	SCALE2(4)	10000	1	64
	5-8	Scene fraction(9)	---	SCALE2(5)	10000	1	128
	9-12	(4)	---	SCALE2(6)	10000	1	192
	13	COS(ZEN)_SUN	---	SCALE2(7)	10000	1	208
	14	Satellite zenith angle	degrees	SCALE2(8)	100	1	224
	15	Azimuth angle	degrees	SCALE2(9)	100	1	240
	16	SOLAR	Wm^-2	SCALE2(10)	10	1	256
	17		Wm^-2	SCALE2(11)	10	1	272
	18	M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(12)	10	1	288
	19	M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(13)	10	1	304
	20		Wm^-2	SCALE2(14)	100	1	320
	21	N_SW	---	SCALE2(15)	1	1	336
	22		Wm^-2	SCALE2(16)	10	1	352
	23	M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(17)	10	1	368
	24	M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(18)	10	1	384
	25		Wm^-2	SCALE2(19)	10	1	400
	26	N_LW	---	SCALE2(20)	1	1	416
	27	M_{DIFF_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(21)	100	1	432
	28	M_{DIFF_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(22)	100	1	448
	29	-	Wm^-2	SCALE2(23)	10000	1	464
	30	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE2(24)	10	1	480
	31	_CS	Wm^-2	SCALE2(25)	100	1	496
	32	N_{LW_CS}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(26)	1	1	512*

* Repeated N_HR-DAY times

**Table 5: Detailed Record Structure for Nonscanner Output Tape (S-10)**
Temporal Scale	Record Index	Parameter Name	Units	Scale Factor		No. of Data Values in Record	Cumulative Total Bits
Temporal Scale	Record Index	Parameter Name	Units	Name	Value	No. of Data Values in Record	Cumulative Total Bits
-	1	Region number	---	SCALE1(1)	1	-	16
-	2	Geographic scene type	---	SCALE1(2)	100	-	32
-	3-11	Scene fraction histogram(9)	---	SCALE1(3)	100	-	176
Monthly (day)	12		Wm^-2	SCALE1(4)	10	1	192
	13	M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(5)	10	1	208
	14	M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(6)	10	1	224
	15		Wm^-2	SCALE1(7)	100	1	240
	16	N_SW	---	SCALE1(8)	1	1	256
	17		Wm^-2	SCALE1(9)	10	1	272
	18	M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(10)	10	1	288
	19	M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(11)	10	1	304
	20		Wm^-2	SCALE1(12)	100	1	320
	21	N_LW	---	SCALE1(13)	1	1	336
	22		---	SCALE1(14)	10000	1	352
	23		Wm^-2	SCALE1(15)	100	1	368
	24	TSOLRD(1)	Wm^-2	SCALE1(16)	1	1	384
	25	TSOLRD(2)	Wm^-2	SCALE1(17)	10	1	400
Monthly (hour)	26		Wm^-2	SCALE1(18)	10	1	416
	27	M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(19)	10	1	432
	28	M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(20)	10	1	448
	29		Wm^-2	SCALE1(21)	100	1	464
	30	N_SW	---	SCALE1(22)	1	1	480
	31		Wm^-2	SCALE1(23)	10	1	496
	32	M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(24)	10	1	512
	33	M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(25)	10	1	528
	34		Wm^-2	SCALE1(26)	100	1	544
	35	N_LW	---	SCALE1(27)	1	1	560
	36		---	SCALE1(28)	10000	1	576
	37		Wm^-2	SCALE1(29)	100	1	592
	38	TSOLRH(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(30)	1	1	608
	39	TSOLRH(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(31)	10	1	624
Daily	40 thru 473	DEO	Wm^-2	SCALE1(32)	10	14x31
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(33)	10
		M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(34)	10-
		M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(35)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(36)	100
		N_SW	---	SCALE1(37)	1
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(38)	10
		M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(39)	10
		M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(40)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(41)	100
		N_LW	---	SCALE1(42)	1
			---	SCALE1(43)	10000
		SOLARD(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(44)	1
		SOLARD(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(45)	10		7568
Monthly Hourly	474 thru 977		Wm^-2	SCALE1(46)	10	21x24
		M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(47)	10
		M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(48)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(49)	100
		N_SW	---	SCALE1(50)	1
		SUM_SW(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(51)	1
		SUM_SW(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(52)	10
		SUM2_SW(1)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(53)	1
		SUM2_SW(2)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(54)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(55)	10
		M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(56)	10
		M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE1(57)	10
			Wm^-2	SCALE1(58)	100
		N_LW	---	SCALE1(59)	1
		SUM_LW(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(60)	1
		SUM_LW(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(61)	10
		SUM2_LW(1)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(62)	1
		SUM2_LW(2)	W-hm^-2²	SCALE1(63)	10
			---	SCALE1(64)	10000
		SOLARH(1)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(65)	1
		SOLARH(2)	W-hm^-2	SCALE1(66)	10		15632
Monthly	978	N_HR-DAY	---	SCALE1(67)	1	1
	979	NOAA-9 Deadscanner Flag**	---	SCALE1(67)	1	1
	980	ERBS Deadscanner Flag**	---	SCALE1(67)	1	1
	981	NOAA-10 Deadscanner Flag**	---	SCALE1(67)	1	1
	982	Half-sine Flag**	---	SCALE1(67)	1	1
	983 - 990	Spares	-	-	0	9	15840
Hourly/ Day*	1	Hour box	---	SCALE2(1)	1	1	16
	2	Whole Julian date(1)	day	SCALE2(2)	1	1	32
	3	Whole Julian date(2)	day	SCALE2(3)	1	1	48
	4	Fractional Julian date	day	SCALE2(4)	10000	1	64
	5-13	Scene fraction(9)	---	SCALE2(5)	10000	1	208
	14-22	(9)	---	SCALE2(6)	10000	1	352
	23	COS(ZEN)_SUN	---	SCALE2(7)	10000	1	368
	24	Satellite zenith angle	degrees	SCALE2(8)	100	1	384
	25	Azimuth angle	degrees	SCALE2(9)	100	1	400
	26	SOLAR	Wm^-2	SCALE2(10)	10	1	416
	27		Wm^-2	SCALE2(11)	10	1	432
	28	M_{MIN_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(12)	10	1	448
	29	M_{MAX_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(13)	10	1	464
	30		Wm^-2	SCALE2(14)	100	1	480
	31	N_SW	---	SCALE2(15)	1	1	496
	32		Wm^-2	SCALE2(16)	10	1	512
	33	M_{MIN_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(17)	10	1	528
	34	M_{MAX_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(18)	10	1	544
	35		Wm^-2	SCALE2(19)	10	1	560
	36	N_LW	---	SCALE2(20)	1	1	576
	37	M_{DIFF_SW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(21)	100	1	592
	38	M_{DIFF_LW}	Wm^-2	SCALE2(22)	100	1	608*

* Repeated N_HR-DAY times
** See Section 9.3.1

**Table 6: Scanner Output Product (S-9)**
Temporal Scale	Statistics/Parameters	Output Structure
Temporal Scale	Statistics/Parameters	No. of Data Values	Record
	Regional number, Geographic scene type, Scene fraction histogram(4)	6	1
Monthly (Day)	, M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , , TSOLRD(2), _CS, M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}, _CS, N_{SW_CS}, _CS, M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}, _CS, N_{LW_CS}, _CS, _CS, TSOLRD(2)_CS	28 x 1
Monthly (Hour)	, M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, , M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , , TSOLRD(2), _CS, M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}, _CS, N_{SW_CS}, _CS, M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}, _CS, N_{LW_CS}, _CS, _CS, TSOLRD(2)_CS	28 x 1
Daily	DEO, , M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, , M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , SOLARD(2), , M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}, _CS, N_{SW_CS}, _CS, M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}, _CS, N_LW_CS, _CS	25 x 31
Monthly Hourly	, M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, SUM_SW(2), SUM2_SW(2), M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, SUM_LW(2), SUM2_LW(2), , SOLARH(2), _CS, M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}, _CS, N_{SW_CS}, SUM_{SW_CS}(2), SUM2_{SW_CS}(2), _CS, M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}, M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}, _CS, N_{LW_CS}, SUM_{LW_CS}(2), SUM2_{LW_CS}(2), _CS, SOLARH(2)	42 x 24
Monthly	N_HR-DAY	1	-
Monthly	Spares	14	-
Hourly/Day	Hour box, Whole Julian date(2), Fractional Julian date, Scene fraction (9), (9), COS(ZEN)_SUN, Satellite zenith angle, Azimuth angle, SOLAR, , M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, , M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , _CS, _CS, , N_{LW_CS}	32 x N_HR-DAY	2

**Table 7: Nonscanner Output Product (S-10)**
Temporal Scale	Statistics/Parameters	Output Structure
No. of Data Values	Record
	Regional number, Geographic scene type, Scene fraction histogram(9)	11	1
Monthly (Day)	, M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , , TSOLRD(2)	28 x 1
Monthly (Hour)	, M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , , TSOLRH(2)
Daily	DEO, , M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, , SOLARD(2)	14 x 31
Monthly Hourly	, M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW,SUM_SW(2), SUM2_SW(2), M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW, SUM_LW(2), SUM2_LW(2), , SOLARH(2)	21 x 24
Monthly	N_HR-DAY	1
NOAA-9 Deadscanner Flag	1
ERBS Deadscanner Flag	1
NOAA-10 Deadscanner Flag	1
Half-sine Flag	1
Spares	9
Hourly/Day	Hour box, Whole Julian date(2), Fractional Julian date, Scene fraction (9), (9), COS(ZEN)_SUN, Satellite zenith angle, Azimuth angle, SOLAR, , M_{MIN_SW}, M_{MAX_SW}, , N_SW, , M_{MIN_LW}, M_{MAX_LW}, , N_LW,	38 x N_HR-DAY	2

Variable Description/Definition:

In the following definitions, some values are listed as occupying two words. These parameters require two 16-bit words to represent a sufficient number of significant digits. To restore the value in the two words, multiply the value of the first 16-bit word by the appropriate scale factor (see Table 4 and Table 5) and add on the value in the second 16-bit word.

S-9

Scanner Output Product (S-9) values are represented in Table 6. For each parameter listed below, the units are given in parenthesis and the numbers in brackets identify the possible range.

Interpretation of S-9 Record 1 Quantities

S-9(1) - Region Number:
An integer from 1 to 10368 denotes one of the 2.5 x 2.5 degree ERBE regions. Region 1 lies in the range
87.5°<lat<=90° (0°<=colat<2.5°), 0°<=long<2.5°. The regions are numbered consecutively, west to east, 144 per latitude band. The last row of regions includes a latitude of -90 degrees (colat = 180 degrees) (Reference 3).

S-9(2) - Geographic scene type:
An integer from 1-5 denotes the surface type of the region. The types are:

For the land/ocean mix, the corresponding directional models (clear, partly cloudy, or mostly cloudy over this scene) are linear composites of land and ocean models and not independent models.

S-9(3-6) - Scene fraction histogram:
The sum of all scene fractions for one month for clear, partly cloudy, mostly cloudy, and overcast scenes. [0-744]

S-9(7-34) - Monthly (day) quantities:
Monthly means based on daily calculations of flux. For longwave flux quantities, the daily means are obtained from the extrapolation, interpolation, and diurnal modeling algorithms that operate on the existing longwave estimates. The extrapolation and interpolation algorithms will, in general, cross daily boundaries, but the longwave diurnal model applied to land scenes operates on a specific day.

The shortwave flux quantities are based on calculations for specific days. The days are defined to be symmetric about local solar noon.

Values for all Cloud Conditions

The monthly mean shortwave flux (SWF) based on the monthly mean albedo, the , and the sum of the integrated solar incidence, (S(d)) over the entire month. (1)
where N = all days of month.

The solar incidence is integrated sunrise to sunset for each day with SWF data, assuming a sun position for the day that is fixed at its position for 0^h0^m0^s UT.
M_{MIN_SW}: minimum daily mean for days with at least one SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_SW}: maximum daily mean for days with at least one SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
standard deviation of daily means for days with at least one SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
N_SW: the number of days with at least one SWF estimate. [1-31]
the monthly mean LWF based on all extrapolated, interpolated, and modeled LWF values for the month in this region. (Wm^-2)

where N = all days of month. (Reference 4)
M_{MIN_LW}: the minimum daily mean of the LWF for the month. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_LW}: the maximum daily mean of the LWF for the month. (Wm^-2)
standard deviation for the LWF daily means for every day in the month. (Wm^-2)
N_LW: number of days with at least one LWF estimate. [1-31]
the monthly mean albedo from daily values based on the sum of all integrated daily SWFs calculated for days with at least one SWF estimate (D_sw) [0-1.0] (Reference 4)
the monthly net flux defined from albedo, the sum of integrated solar incidence over the entire month, and monthly net LWF. (Wm^-2)
TSOLRD (2 words): the monthly total integrated solar incidence for the entire month. The multiple of 10 used to separate this value is 1000. ((W-hm^-2)^-2)

Values for clear-sky conditions

the monthly mean SWF based on the monthly mean clear-sky albedo and the sum of integrated solar incidence over the entire month. (Wm^-2)

where N = all days of month.
M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}: minimum daily mean for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}: maximum daily mean for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of daily means for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
N_{SW_CS}: the number of days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. [1-31]
the monthly mean LWF based on all extrapolated, interpolated, and modeled clear-sky LWF values for the month in this region. (Wm^-2)

where N = all days of month.

This equation applies to ocean scenes. For land regions, the calculation of is described in the Special Corrections/Adjustments Section of this document.
M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}: the minimum daily mean of the clear-sky LWF for the month. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}: the maximum daily mean of the clear-sky LWF for the month. (Wm^-2)
standard deviation for the clear-sky LWF daily means for every day in the month. (Wm^-2)
N_{LW_CS}: number of days with at least one clear-sky LWF estimate. [1-31]
the monthly mean albedo from daily values, based on the sum of all integrated daily SWFs calculated for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. (D_{sw_cs}) [0-1.0]
the monthly net flux defined from the sum of integrated solar incidence over the entire month, and monthly net clear-sky LWF. (Wm^-2)
TSOLRD_cs (2 words): the monthly total integrated solar incidence for the entire month. The multiple of 10 used to separate this value is 1000. (W-hm^-2)

S-9(35-62) - Monthly (hour) quantities:
These are monthly means based on values averaged over the month at each local hour. In general, they result in different values for the same radiometric quantity, compared to the monthly (day) means.

Values for all Cloud Conditions

the monthly mean SWF based on the monthly mean albedo and the sum of integrated solar incidence over the entire month. (Wm^-2)

where N = all days of month.
M_{MIN_SW}: the minimum monthly hourly mean SWF, as calculated for days with at least one SWF estimate. It can be zero if there is at least one nighttime hour during the month. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_SW}: the maximum monthly hourly mean SWF, as calculated for days with at least one SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all monthly (hour) mean SWFs including nighttime values. This value may be a large number without much physical significance. (Wm^-2)
N_SW: the number of hours that had at least one SWF estimate during the month. [1-24]
the monthly mean LWF based on extrapolated, interpolated, and modified LWF values only for days during the month that had at least one actual LWF estimate. (Wm^-2) (Reference 4)
M_{MIN_LW}: the minimum LWF for days with at least one LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_LW}: the maximum LWF for days with at least one LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all monthly (hour) mean LWFs for days with at least one LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
N_LW: the number of hours that had at least one LWF estimate during the month. [1-24]
the monthly mean albedo from monthly hourly values, based on the sum of all SWFs calculated for days with at least one SWF estimate. [0-1.0]

where, D_sw = days with at least one SWF measurement.
the monthly net flux defined from the sum of integrated solar incidence over the entire month, and monthly net LWF defined from days with at least one LWF estimate. Wm^-2
TSOLRH (2 words): the monthly total integrated solar incidence for the entire month. The multiple of 10 used to separate this value is 1000. (W-hm^-2)

Values for clear-sky conditions

the monthly mean SWF based on the monthly mean clear-sky albedo and the integrated solar incidence over the entire month. (Wm^-2)

where N = all days of month.
M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}: the minimum monthly hourly mean SWF, as calculated for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. It can be zero if there is at least one nighttime hour during the month. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}: the maximum monthly hourly mean SWF, as calculated for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all monthly (hour) mean SWFs including clear-sky SWF nighttime values. This value may be a large number without much physical significance. (Wm^-2)
N_{SW_CS}: the number of hours that had at least one clear-sky SWF estimate during the month. [1-24]
the monthly mean LWF based on extrapolated, interpolated, and modeled clear-sky LWF values only for days during the month that had at least one actual clear-sky LWF estimate. (Wm^-2) (Reference 4)

This equation applies to ocean scenes; for land regions, the calculation of is described in the Special Corrections/Adjustments Section of this document.
M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}: the minimum LWF for days with at least one clear-sky LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}: the maximum LWF for days with at least one clear-sky LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all monthly (hour) mean LWFs for days with at least one clear-sky LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
N_{LW_CS}: the number of hours that had at least one clear-sky LWF estimate during the month. [1-24]
the monthly mean albedo from monthly hourly values, based on the sum of all SWFs calculated for days with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate. [0-1.0]

where, = days with at least one clear-sky SWF measurement. (Reference 4)
the monthly net flux defined from the sum of integrated solar incidence over the entire month, and monthly net LWF defined from days with at least one clear-sky LWF estimate. (Wm^-2)
TSOLRD_cs (2 words): the monthly total integrated solar incidence for the entire month. The multiple of 10 used to separate this value is 1000. (Wm^-2)

S-9(63-837) - Daily quantities:
These are quantities calculated for each day in the month; i.e., there are 31 sets of values on the file. A set consists of the following values.

Values for all Cloud Conditions

DEO: the distance-corrected solar constant for the day. (Wm^-2)
for each day with at least one SWF estimate, the sum of all estimates and modeled SWFs, divided by 24, and corrected by the ratio of integrated to summed solar incidence. This value is called the integrated daily SWF. (Wm^-2)

where S(d) and S'(d) are the integrated and summed solar radiances, respectively. (Reference 4)
M_{MIN_SW}: the minimum estimated or modeled SWF for the day. This value will be zero days with at least one nighttime hour. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_SW}: the maximum estimated or modeled SWF for the day. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all modeled or estimated SWF values for the day. This may be a large number without much physical significance for days having at least one nighttime hour. (Wm^-2)
N_SW: the number of hours with SWF estimates for the day. [1-24]
daily LWF consisting of estimates and extrapolated, interpolated, and modeled values. (Wm^-2
M_{MIN_LW}: the minimum estimated or modeled LWF for the day. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_LW}: the maximum estimated or modeled LWF for the day. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all modeled or estimated LWFs for the day. (Wm^-2)
N_LW: the number of hours with LWF estimates for the day. [1-24]
the daily albedo defined as the ratio of integrated daily SWF to the integrated daily solar incidence. [0-1.0]

where S(d) = integrated daily solar incidence. (Reference 4)
SOLARD (2 words): integrated solar incidence over a day. The multiple of 10 used to separate this value is 1000. (W-hm^-2)

Values for clear-sky conditions

for each day with at least one clear-sky SWF estimate, the sum of all estimates and modeled SWFs, divided by 24, and corrected by the ratio of integrated to summed solar incidence. This value is called the integrated clear-sky SWF. (Wm^-2) (Reference 4)
M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}: the minimum estimated or modeled clear-sky SWF for the day. This value will be zero for days with at least one nighttime hour.
M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}: the maximum estimated or modeled clear-sky SWF for the day. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all modeled or estimated clear-sky SWF values for the day. This may be a large number without much physical significance for days having at least one nighttime hour. (Wm^-2)
N_{SW_CS}: the number of hours with clear-sky SWF estimates for the day. [1-24]
daily clear-sky LWF consisting of estimates and extrapolated, interpolated, and modeled values. (Wm^-2)
M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}: the minimum estimated or modeled clear-sky LWF for the day. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}: the maximum estimated or modeled clear-sky LWF for the day. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation of all modeled or estimated clear-sky LWFs for the day. (Wm^-2)
N_{LW_CS}: the number of hours with clear-sky LWF estimates for the day. [1-24]
the daily albedo defined as the ratio of integrated daily clear-sky SWF to the integrated daily solar incidence. [0-1.0]

where S(d) = integrated daily solar incidence (Reference 4)

S-9(838-1845) - Monthly hourly quantities:
These are calculated for the month at each local hour; i.e., there are 24 sets of values on the file. A set consists of the following values.

Values for all Cloud Conditions

the monthly hourly mean SWF for this hour. (Wm^-2)
M_{MIN_SW}: the minimum SWF for this hour. This value will be zero for nighttime hours. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_SW}: the maximum SWF for this hour. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation for SWFs at this hour. (Wm^-2)
N_SW: the number of days with SWF estimates for the hour. [1-31]
SUM_sw (2 words), SUM2_sw (2 words): the sum and sum squared of actual SWF estimates at this hour. These values are intended for doing tests of statistical significance for diurnal variability. The multiple of 10 used to separate these values is 1000. (W-hm^-2), ((W-hm^-2)^-2)
the monthly hourly average LWF for this hour. Wm^-2)
M_{MIN_LW}: the minimum LWF for days with LWF estimates at the hour. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_LW}: the maximum LWF for days with LWF estimates at the hour. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation for LWF for days with LWF estimates at the hour. (Wm^-2)
N_LW: the number of days with LWF estimates at the hour. [1-31]
SUM_LW (2 words), SUM2_LW (2 words): sum and sum squared of actual LWF estimates at this hour. These values are intended for doing tests of statistical significance on diurnal variability. The multiple of 10 used to separate these values is 1000. (W-hm^-2), ((W-hm^-2)^-2)
monthly hourly albedo defined as the ratio of monthly hourly SWF to the integrated solar incidence. [0-1.0]
SOLARH (2 words): integrated solar incidence over those days with SWF data for a given hour. The multiple of 10 used to separate this value is 1000. (W-hm^-2)

Values for clear-sky conditions

the monthly hourly mean clear-sky SWF for this hour. (Wm^-2)
M_{MIN_{SW_CS}}: the minimum clear-sky SWF for this hour. This value will be zero for nighttime hours. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{SW_CS}}: the maximum clear-sky SWF for this hour. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation for clear-sky SWF for this hour. (Wm^-2)
N_{SW_CS}: the number of days with clear-sky SWF estimates for the hour. [1-31]
SUM_{SW_CS} (2 words), SUM2_{SW_CS} (2 words): the sum and sum squared of actual clear-sky SWF estimates at this hour. These values are intended for doing tests of statistical significance for diurnal variability. The multiple of 10 used to separate these values is 1000. (W-hm^-2), ((W-hm^-2)^-2)
the monthly hourly average clear-sky LWF for this hour. (Wm^-2)
M_{MIN_{LW_CS}}: the minimum clear-sky LWF for days with LWF estimates at the hour. (Wm^-2)
M_{MAX_{LW_CS}}: the maximum clear-sky LWF for days with LWF estimates at the hour. (Wm^-2)
the standard deviation for LWF for days with clear-sky LWF estimates at the hour. (Wm^-2)
N_{LW_CS}: the number of days with clear-sky LWF estimates at the hour. [1-31]
SUM_{LW_CS} (2 words), SUM2_{LW_CS} (2 words): the su

ERBE_S9_NAT:	Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) S-9 Scanner Radiant Flux and Albedo in Native (NAT) Format (ERBE_S9_NAT)
ERBE_S10_MFOV_NF_NAT:	Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) S-10 Nonscanner, Medium Field of View (MFOV) Numerical Filter (NF) Radiant Flux and Albedo in Native (NAT) Format (ERBE_S10_MFOV_NF_NAT)
ERBE_S10_MFOV_SF_NAT:	Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) S-10 Nonscanner, Medium Field of View (MFOV) Shape Factor (SF) Radiant Flux and Albedo in Native (NAT) Format (ERBE_S10_MFOV_SF_NAT)
ERBE_S10_WFOV_NF_NAT:	Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) S-10 Nonscanner, Wide Field of View (WFOV) Numerical Filter (NF) Radiant Flux and Albedo in Native (NAT) Format (ERBE_S10_WFOV_NF_NAT)
ERBE_S10_WFOV_SF_NAT:	Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) S-10 Nonscanner, Wide Field of View (WFOV) Shape Factor (SF) Radiant Flux and Albedo in Native (NAT) Format (ERBE_S10_WFOV_SF_NAT)

SRB_Daily:	Surface Radiation Budget Daily Averages
SRB_Monthly:	Surface Radiation Budget Monthly Averages

Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Earth Radiant Fluxes and Albedo for Month (Scanner) (S-9)/Earth Radiant Fluxes and Albedo for Month (Nonscanner) (S-10) Langley ASDC Data Set Document

Summary:

Table of Contents:

Parameter/Variable: (S-9 | S-10)

S-9

Interpretation of S-9 Record 1 Quantities

Values for all Cloud Conditions

Values for clear-sky conditions

Values for all Cloud Conditions

Values for clear-sky conditions

Values for all Cloud Conditions

Values for clear-sky conditions

Values for all Cloud Conditions

Values for clear-sky conditions